Two Godesses and A Woman Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, women have been looked at as the â€Å"lesser gender,† mortal or immortal. They are always stereotyped as not equally important as men. I strongly disagree with this idea, especially in the book The Odyssey. In The Odyssey, Homer suggests that the women characters in the book are more important than the characters of men despite their stereotype. He portrays this through the characters of Penelope, Kalypso, and Kirke. They are important because they are a large part of the story. The most important woman in this book is Penelope, mainly because of her guile and intelligence. Her guile and intelligence make her important because they put her at a much-needed mental advantage over the suitors. An example of her guile and intelligence is the instance of the shroud she wove for Laertes. When Antinoos is talking to Telemakhos about how Telemakhos’s mother, Penelope, tricked the suitors by weaving and unweaving the shroud to avoid marrying a suitor, he says, â€Å"We have men’s hearts; she touched them; we agreed. So every day she wove on the great loom- but every night by torchlight she unwove it; and so for three years she deceived the Akhains.†(2:111-114). As a result of doing this, Penelope delayed having to marry one of the suitors for almost four years. It gave Odysseus more time to get home. Another example of Penelope’s guile and intelligence is when she tested Odysseus when she was first reunited with him. She tested him by tell ing Eurykleia to make up his bed...

Memories of a Childhood’s Slavery Day Essay

In Memories of Childhood’s Slavery Days, Annie Burton was born into slavery in 1858 on a plantation outside of Clayton, Alabama and raised by her mistress after her mother ran away. She grew up during the Civil War and remembers her early days on the plantation. After being set free, Burton’s mother returned for her children. Annie was hired as a nanny by Mrs. E. M. Williams, who taught her how to read and write. After her mother died, Annie took responsibility for her three younger siblings and moved to Boston in 1879. She later moved to Georgia and then Jacksonville, Florida, where she worked in a restaurant before returning to Boston. In 1888, she married, and ran a boarding house with her husband. She began taking evening classes at the Franklin Evening School, and the headmaster, Frank Guild, suggested that each of the students write their life story. It was this suggestion that gave Burton the push to write her autobiography. Burton’s Memories of Childhood’s Slavery Days (1909) is divided into four parts. In the first section, called â€Å"Recollections of a Happy Life,† Burton talks about her childhood on the plantation in Alabama and her marriage to Samuel H. Burton. In the second section, â€Å"Reminiscences,† Burton reflects on being set free and the way it changed her life. The third section, â€Å"Vision† gives a detailed account of Burton’s religious change. Burton also includes an essays and poems she wrote. â€Å"The memory of my happy, care-free childhood days on the plantation, with my little white and black companions, is often with me. Neither master nor mistress nor neighbors had time to bestow a thought upon us, for the great Civil War was raging. That great event in American history was a matter wholly outside the realm of our childish interests. Of course we heard our elders discuss the various events of the great struggle, but it meant nothing to us. Burton talks about knowing that the Civil War was going on but not being old enough to know or care about it. She also calls it a â€Å"great† event in American history. Though it may not have been to white Southerners, it was day slaves were waiting for. She also states that : â€Å"There are hidden wrongs perpetrated by the whites against the negro race that will never be brought to light until the race owns and controls its own daily newspapers which alone have the power to discover and enthrone truth, thus becoming a safe guide to all honest seekers of facts respecting the race whether from a moral, educational, political or religious field. To carry out the plans suggested, whether viewed from an intellectual, industrial, commercial, or editorial standpoint, the world must acknowledge that to-day the negro race has the men and women, who are true to their race and all that stands for negro progress. †

How Critiques of A Raisin in the Sun Changed the Play - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1987 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Raisin in the Sun Essay Did you like this example? In the 1950s racism and segregation were still very profound in societys views. When Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun debuted in 1959, it was subject to a variety of critiques from a multitude of audiences that immediately sparked a debate about the message of the play. A Raisin in the Sun has been misunderstood as a symbol of racial integration and given the impression that African American families can achieve the American Dream through homeownership. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Critiques of A Raisin in the Sun Changed the Play" essay for you Create order The debate about the interpretations diverted attention away from Hansberrys political message and its criticisms of upward mobility, normative domesticity, and the white nuclear family which is primarily seen through Hansberrys showing of segregation as an essential part of the American Dream. Hansberry used A Raisin in the Sun as a chance to share her life experiences and to explore the effects societal and systemic oppression can have on a persons interpersonal and private life. Many critics overlooked this powerful message and saw the play as a sign of desegregation and African Americans ability to achieve the American Dream. Bernstein recounts how some white critics were surprised to find many similarities between their own experiences and the life of the Youngers and praised its wide appeal through its universalness. Other white critics were amazed the particularity of the play as an honest and inside look into the private lives and culture of African Americans praised it as one of the first Negro plays (16). Both interpretations conflict with Hansberrys message of the play and the paradox created by the two further misconstrued the message viewers took away from the play. Even when Hansberry disputed these claims by calling the play both universal and particular the paradox continued to survive amongst the mixed reviews of critics. Due to racial prejudice and societal norms of the time, a majority of audiences misinterpreted Hansberrys message. Their res ponses and reactions further misconstrued the ideals of the play for future audiences and distracted them from Hansberrys true message. The debut of A Raisin in the Sun was groundbreaking as it was the first play produced on Broadway that was written by an African American woman. In addition, it is one of the first plays to focus predominantly on African American culture, never before in American theater history had so much truth of black peoples lives been on seen on stage (Bernstein, 20). This contributed to the plays broad appeal, intrigued white audiences who wanted to learn more about black culture and attracted black audiences who wanted to see their experiences displayed on stage. The broad appeal of the play caused a majority of white critics to see it as universal and relatable even though it was about an African American family and sparked the conflict between the play being universal or particular. Bernstein says in her article that the paradox is mainly supported by the idea that the play is universal or particular and that it cannot be both (22). Both interpretations distort Hansberrys message, but they accomplish this is different ways. The universal interpretation claims the play shows African Americans struggling through the same problems as anyone trying to achieve the American Dream. It considers the play to have a happy ending as the Youngers are able to move into their new home and overcome their economic struggles. However, this is not the case. Although they are able to move, they move into a house in a hostile white neighborhood and face a plethora of new challenges as an African American family in a predominantly white community. This interpretation and reality of the play illuminate the fact that the, politic and social meanings were misread every which but Sunday (Rose, 29). Hansberry disputed this by challenging anyone who thought the play had a happy ending to live in one of the communities the Youngers were moving to (38). The idea of the play representing a universal American Dream contradicts Hansberrys critique of it, white audiences are able to relate to the accomplishment of financial and economi c gain but fail to see this gain will not lead the Youngers to a better life. The Youngers do not move onto a life where they will be treated equal in society, rather they move into an area where they will still be subject to the same prejudice and racist exclusion, they were subject to before. The universal interpretation misconstrued Hansberrys message by belittling its political significance by suggesting, Blacks were just like whites (Rose, 38). The actions of white people to keep African Americans out of certain areas illustrates the fact the African Americans and whites were not equal. It comes mainly from the idea that African Americans could achieve the American Dream, which entirely overlooks the point in Hansberrys message that black exclusion was an essential component to the American Dream, which can be seen in the bribe offered by Mr. Lindner. Its interesting to note that universal responses place positive themes and message onto the play while simultaneously omitting the negative, yet more prominent ideas. Claiming the characters in the play as universal strips them of their race and omits the unique struggles they experience as African Americans, this undermines their struggles and contradicts Hansberrys message of the American Dream being unachievable to African Americans. Rose attributes this to two possibilities, either white audiences did not fully understand the play, or they did not want to fully understan d the play (38). This aspect of the interpretation relates to ideas prominent in the interpretations that categorize the play as particular. The universal interpretation distorts Hansberrys message by misinterpreting it, it praises the play on its theme of racial and economic triumph when in reality the Youngers are in no better position than they were in the beginning of the play. The particular interpretation claims the play specific to African Americans and categorizes it as a Negro play. This also distorts Hansberry message as it distracts the viewer from underlying messages in the play about social injustice and establishes a divide between African Americans and whites. Since this was the first time African American lives were displayed in a public setting, a setting that was familiar to white people, some viewers saw the play as opportunity to learn about authentic African American culture. Bernstein elaborates on this idea in her article and explains how it dehumanized African Americans and subdued Hansberrys political messages(17). The extreme curiosity in African American culture shows how differently whites viewed blacks during the time period, they viewed African Americans as an exotic creature they could learn about and not as another person. This is also placed a novelty on the experiences and cultural aspects of African Americans, by making black experiences appear understandable to and consumable by white audiences, simultaneously made those experiences collectable (Bernstein, 18). White audiences did not want to see the play to become more educated on African American culture, but rather to learn trivia about them. This idea promotes an underlying superiority complex, for whites saw African American culture as something to collect, like stamps or coins, and that it did not hold the same significance as their own culture. The idea of the play specifically about African Americans puts extra emphasis on the role of race throughout the play, which proved to distract viewers and critics from other central messages of the play. This is primarily seen in Walters class struggles, he views his low class status as emasculating and is constantly attempting schemes to make him rich. Hansberry complained about how some critics were unable to reflect on Walters class dispute dependent of his race, Bernstein attributes this to white critics ability to ignore certain aspects of the play (19). Not only does this show a lack of political interest in the play, but it also shows how pre-existing prejudice and norms affected peoples interpretations of the play. Hansberry was aware that societal stereotypes of African Americans would be carried into the theater as expectations of character behavior, If audiences went to the theatre to see the simple, lovable, and glandular Negro, the would find him, regardless of what act ually occurred on stage (Bernstein, 17). The particular interpretation distorts Hansberrys message by simply ignoring any ideas that do not involve the racial aspect of the play. By placing emphasis on the racial stereotypes and characteristics held by society, the audience closes their mind to any different kind of image or person an African American could be. The two interpretations maintain the paradox between the play being universal or static. Well both contribute to the distortion of Hansberrys message, she easily disputes this contradiction by claiming a play can be both universal and particular and uses A Raisin in the Sun as an example. The play is specific as it focuses on the struggles of an African American family and universal as it focuses on their struggles in their quest for the American Dream. Hansberry paralleled the experiences of her own life with A Raisin in the Sun, It is well known that Hansberrys family was personally acquainted with the violence inherent in property ownership in Chicago (Matthews, 556). When her family attempted to move into a white neighborhood, they were met with violence, this caused Hansberrys father to take matters to Supreme Court where he won his case against restrictive housing. The issue of restrictive housing is crucial to the play as the primary catalyst to conflicts and as a symbol of Hansberrys message. Hansberrys message reflects her political opinion on a nation divided by segregation, Raisin calls for the rebuilding of a house divided a building of ad from diverse materials and labours (Matthews, 558). She proclaims through the story there is no progress or change when people fight on alone. This is illustrated by each of the Youngers individual failures in achieving their personal dreams and in their success as a family by purchas ing and moving into the house in Clybourne Park. Equally as important is her message of positive relationships in the home, and creating a space where one can express themselves freely. This is predominant with Walter, throughout the play is consistently denied his dreams in the home and in society, in turn it negatively affects his relationship with his family. Mama Younger expresses this message when she is talking with Beneatha, There is always something left to love (Hansberry, 119). She goes on to explain that even though one may not agree with a family members plan, a frequent issue throughout the play, they must always offer them love as a form of support. Mama gives Walter the money to pursue his liquor store dream. Racial ideologies and norms of the 1960s distorted and led to the misinterpretation of the political message from A Raisin in the Sun. It wasnt until decades after critics and audiences began to understand the true messages behind her play. Rose mentions the case of Amiri Baraka who retracted his rejection of the play thirty years after it debuted. Baraka stated that he missed the central point of the piece and suggests the reason, that racial discrimination fuels a seductive rage and this seductive rage blinded many to the political importance of her work (Rose, 39). Societal norms and prejudices have the ability to change the way people view and interpret the literary work of others, as with Hansberrys play segregation and white superiority led people to misunderstand the meaning of A Raisin in the Sun for decades. Works Cited Bernstein, Robin Inventing a Fishbowl: White Supremacy and the Critical Reception of Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun. Project MuseModern Drama Volume.42 (Spring 1999): 16-27. Google ScholarWeb. 15 Nov. 2018. Matthews, Kristin, L. The Politics of Home in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun. Project MuseModern Drama Volume.51 (Winter 2008): 556-578. Google ScholarWeb. 15 Nov. 2018 Rose, Tricia Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and the Illegible Politics of (Inter)personal Justice. KalfouVolume.1 (Spring 2014): 27-60. Google ScholarWeb. 15 Nov. 2018. Hansberry, Lorraine, and Robert Nemiroff. A Raisin in the Sun. New York: Signet/NAL, 1988.Print.

Erik Homburger Erikson s Life - 1864 Words

Erik Homburger Erikson was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on June 15, 1902. Erik’s parents were both Danish. Erik’s father abandoned his mother, Karla Abrahamsen before Erikson was born. Karla raised Erikson alone for the first three years of his life in Frankfurt until she remarried Erikson’s pediatrician, Dr. Theodore Homburger. Karla and Theodore moved to Karlsruhe in southern Germany and raised Erikson. Erikson went by Erik Homburger as a child and young adult until he eventually changed his name to Erik Erikson. After graduating high school Erikson roamed Europe taking art classes and visiting museums (Boeree). Erikson first studied painting in Germany and Italy. Later, he joined Peter Blos and Dorothy Burlingham, Anna Freud s†¦show more content†¦Erikson is most famous for his expansion and refinement of Freud’s theories of personality development. Erikson argued that development functions by the epigenetic principle, which says that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages throughout our lifespan. As we progress through each stage our success, or lack of success, in each stage is partially determined by our achievements in the previous stage. Erikson believed that each person has a unique personality, which gradually reveals itself through eight stages, and if we interfere with the progress of our personality development (try to speed things up) we may ruin the development of that individual’s personality. Each stage involves certain developmental tasks that are psychosocial in nature. Erikson coined the term identity crisis, a personal psychosocial conflict that shaped a distinct aspect of personality (â€Å"Erikson,† Britannica). The various tasks are referred to by two terms, the first is what the individual is striving to achieve and the second is what the individual is at risk of developing if he or she does not successfully achieve the first term. Each s tage has an optimal time to be achieved as well. Each individual has his or her own pace to go through life; therefore, the optimal time to achieve a stage in is more of a general guideline. If a stage is managed well, we carryShow MoreRelatedErik Homburger Erikson s Theory On The Stages Of Life1196 Words   |  5 PagesErik Homburger Erikson was a German-born, American sociologist, who became worldwide famous for his theory on the stages that compose life. Born on June 15th, 1902 to a Jewish family in Denmark, his biological father divorced his mother, Karla Abrahamsen, little after his birth. Although his last name was that of his biological fathers (Salomonsen), this changed when they moved to Germany, and his mother married Erik’s pediatrician. 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Similar to Sigmund Freud, but unlike Piaget, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages that are predetermined. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory, that of a psychosocial behavior, describes theRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 Pageserik eriksons psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Eriksons wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the lite version, heres a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more information

The Impact Of Digital Technology On Children And Adults

As a result of the of digital technology in modern society, digital literacy practices that adolescents and young adults engage in on a quotidian basis have profoundly affected not only their influence over technology as a result of its centrality in their lives but also their social skills in digital networking. Web 2.0 technologies have enabled individuals around the world to interact and communicate with one another, constructing an imagined community in the Andersonian sense vis-a-vis digital mediums. However, social scientists as well as members of the media have criticized the adverse impact that text messaging and â€Å"text speak† have had on literacy in youths and adults alike (Turner, 2009). While various empirical studies have†¦show more content†¦Empirical studies have found both a positive correlation between texting and literacy as well as negative results. The mixed results and conflicting findings suggest that literary scores may correlate with litera cy on a continuum depending on the frequency of texting, the use of text speak or so-called textisms, and knowledge of text-speak and textisms. Moreover, the correlation may also be impacted on whether the student is engaging in formal or informal writing. The conflicting results conjure up various questions regarding how the correlation is quantified, which may account for discrepancies in the results. Analysis of the established correlation cannot assertively establish causality, which suggests that further research is necessary to adequately qualify and quantify if disparate literacy levels are amplified and/or governed by text messaging, or lack thereof. The emergence and escalation of text messaging as a key mechanism in the socialization process has led to a paradigm shift in pedagogy, as teachers and professors must learn how to effectively appropriate important academic material through literacy practices within digital environments and contexts and approaches to the learnin g process. Moreover, examining the impact of text messaging friends in

English Literature for Political and Educational -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEnglish Literature for Political and Educational Threats. Answer: Essay: The Dystopian fiction helps in generating literature for exploring the social and political issues which are associated with the peoples life. This fictional platform helps in portraying the humanity problems and culture with the possible outcome in the near future. The reflection of the novel character helps in recognizing and evaluating the social issues which exist with the development of humanity. In this context we are focusing on the dystopian fiction work related to hunger games and In the new landscape. There are many fears which are associated with the modern society in relation to the social, political, and educational threats which can be portrayed in the dystopian fiction world. The hunger game is portrayed by Katniss to give strength to the emotional behaviour of the women. During the tyranny, she worked for bringing revolution for her country. She has sacrificed her life and become ideal for his younger sister. The government had ruled on the emotions and associated memories of the people during control over people of the country. The Protagonist Joans, was not able to reveal his memories associated with that environment. He showed his emotion to the universe through his eyes. The literature reveals that the memories should be shared with various person because it give loneliness more than pain. The human life worked on the principle of youth which means that one can live a life free and on its own. The culture of the human behaviour represented in the dystopian novel helps in revealing the information related to human behaviour that how one should behave in the worse situation. It is easy to live a life of happiness and difficult to face the problems in real life scenario. In the hunger game, the author wants to portray the life of slavery in which human does not have a freedom to show his emotion to anyone. The only way through which human can present his memories and emotion that is through weeping eyes. The tears from the eyes show the loneliness which he is facing in the world of slavery. The happiness of life should be sacrificed for others. This literature helps in providing the sense of living through the characters of the novel. The powerful impact can be seen in the life of the human by adopting the role of dystopian character in his daily routine job. The remarkable memories of the novel on the hunger game help in focusing the life of the rebellion under the control of other people. The inner sparks of the person helps in achieving their objective of life. For example, the character Katniss had sacrificed his life for the sake of humanity to make them free from slavery and character Joans, helps in analysing the emotion which one should feel by looking at his eye that he is pain of loneliness. The memories of the life should be shared to resolve the problems of loneliness. The sense of living should be developed with the reading of dystopian fiction character. People should not live the life of the wild animal who does not look upon the problem of others and want to live their life without any worries of humanity. In the new landscape novel, the author Bruce Dawe wants to portray that with the increasing use of cars, the world of car will be developed in the near future. The cumulative use of car will convert a world in which only the sound of acceleration will be heard in spite of the sweet sound of birds. The chirping sound of the bird will be lost in darkness. The country will be full of smokes due to the excessive use of cars on the road side. There will be no space for car driver i.e. for humanity. The streets and locality will be packed with the stop light or traffic lights for controlling the congestion of the car on the roadside. The motorist and pedestrians are provided with the underground road to get safe driving in the world of car. No barking of dogs will be heard in the underground path developed for motorist and pedestrians. The extreme cutting of the trees will be carried out to construct the parking areas for the car. With the passage of time, there will be a world with no more trees. We have never have a thought that what we are going to give to our upcoming generation. The nature is completely going to be destroyed with the increasing development and excessive utilization of the car. The upcoming generation will be awarded with the world of horns instead of chirping sound of birds, no fresh oxygen from the garden in the morning due to overcutting of trees for building parking areas, daily anthem song in the sound of car horns, increasing number of death due to the decreasing rate of life supporting system which are trees for human. In the upcoming future with the increasing demand of cars, there only car will remain due to the complete destruction of humanity. In this literature, the author want to portray that growth rate of cars will result in the world of future in which no life will be there because of the destruction to the life supporting system for human which are trees. The upcoming generation will not be aware of the sweet chirping sound of the birds. From morning till evening, they live in the world of car. The dystopian novel characters helps in analysing the importance of trees and nature to the life of the people. The step should be taken to resolve the problems which are associated with the car. The increasing level of pollution will be major hazard for the destruction to the humanity. The challenges and issues related to the growth of excessive use of cars should be resolved to give a safe and secure life to our little ones. They should have a freedom to live in the world of nature in which they can listen sweet chirping sound of birds, take fresh oxygen from the greenery of the garden, and listen to the daily prayers withou t any distraction from the car horns, the world free of smoke, and others. The dystopian fictional characters of the novel help in analysing the real life problems which can have a direct impact on the social life of the people. The step should be taken to resolve these issues early in the real world scenario. The sense of living should be developed with the reading of dystopian fiction character. The culture of the human behaviour represented in the dystopian novel helps in revealing the information related to human behaviour that how one should behave in the worse situation. It is easy to live a life of happiness and difficult to face the problems in real life scenario. This fictional platform helps in portraying the humanity problems and culture with the possible outcome in the near future. The above two scenarios helps in analysing the problems faced by the people at the time of slavery. It is difficult to control their emotion without speaking a word to another person. The feeling of loneliness is more painful. The ill effects of pollution can be analy sed with the second story. The harmful effects of car utilization should be measured and relevant steps should be taken to give a gift of nature to our off springs. The dystopian friction literature provides a platform where the memories of the life can be shared to resolve the problems of loneliness.

Supermarket Diversification and Consumer Resistance - Free Samples

Queston: Discuss about the Supermarket Diversification and Consumer Resistance. Answer: Introduction: Tadashi Yanai, CEO and founder of Uniqlo, grew up in the retail clothing industry. He was born in 1949 to a suit shop owner in Yamaguchi, Japan, and eventually his father is having a chain of 22 stores where he became president in 1984. When he took over the presidency, he opened a store called Unique Clothing Warehouse, which was later summarized to "Uniqlo," in Hiroshima. In the beginning Uniqlo was a typical multi-brand shop having Nike, Adidas, and other foreign brands. Uniqlo Co., Ltd. is a well known Japanese casual wear designer, manufacturer and retailer. This company operates especially in Japan and many other countries and it has been wholly owned subsidiary of Fast Retailing Co. Ltd. From the research we have found out the whole process about how it begins and make its journey the most successful one. In order to guide the company through the realization of this strategy they engaged the retail brand consultancy, The Brand Architect Group, including consultation on merchandise, visual merchandising and demonstration, store design and a new logo designed by Richard Seireeni and Sy Chen of The Brand Architect Group's Los Angeles office. China has availability of cheap labourers, so Uniqlo had begun outsourcing their clothing manufacturing to factories in China and it proved a well-established corporate practice. In the beginning Japan was in the depths of recession, but because of low-cost its goods became popular. Apart from that the clothing quality, new retail layouts and their advertising campaigns also proved fruitful. In November 1998, their first urban Uniqlo store was opened in Tokyo's trendy Harajuku district, and its outlets quickly spread to major cities all over Japan. In 2001, both sales turnover and gross profit reached a new peak, with over 500 retail stores in Japan. Uniqlo separates from the parent company when it has decided to expand overseas, and established Fast Retailing (Jiangsu) Apparel Co., Ltd. in China. In 2002 their first Chinese Uniqlo outlet was opened in Shanghai alongside four overseas outlets in London, England. In creating its clothing lines, Uniqlo embraces shun and kino-bi both. Shun means 'timing, best timing, but also at the same time its about trend, something that should be updated and just in time, neither early nor late. Kino-bi means utility and beauty, which if joined together means that the clothing should be presented in an organized and rational manner, and that incredibly organization and rationality creates an artistic prototype and rhythm. These virtues reflects the features of modern Japanese traditions, modern 'Japaneseness.' In 2005 overseas expansion takes place, with stores opening in the United States (New York City), Hong Kong (Tsim Sha Tsui) and South Korea (Seoul), their South Korean expansion being part of a joint venture with Lotte. As year 2005 comes to an end, Uniqlo had around 700 stores within Japan along with its overseas holdings. A design consulting contract for Uniqlo products is signed by Fast Retailing with fashion designer Jil Sander in March 2009. On September 2, 2009, Fast Retailing Co., Ltd. pre-tax profit from operations of 1 trillion yen and announced that the company would target annual group sales of 5 trillion yen by 2020. This indicates that the company is aiming to become the world's biggest Specialty retailer of Private label Apparel with a nonstop growth rate of 20% per year. The number breaks down as one trillion yen from Uniqlo's Japan business, three trillion yen from its international business, and one trillion yen from "Japan-related and global brand business. The company's international business target breaks down as one trillion yen in Europe, one trillion in other Asian countries and one trillion in China and the United States. Uniqlo offers very high quality products at reasonable prices for a huge target customer base and its value offer reflected in the companys dictum Made for all. Its main aim is to maintain the companys competitive advantage while driving towards this goal and hence it seriously works on its management structure and its cost control and production processes. Uniqlo has focused on using their technology and cost in most efficient manner and making its clothing unique to the customer. Though a solid start, Uniqlos recent success in the US market is only one step away from its goal of being the number one apparel company in the world by 2020. Although Uniqlo executives consider that the US is decisive in accomplishment this objective and that they must be number one in the US market which helps them to become global number one. In pursuit of this, the company has set the standard of attaining a market share of $10 billion USD in the United States and $50 billion USD worldwide by 2020. The companys whole success and expansion, based on its unique business model and its initiatives to create a distinctive brand name, has been irresistible, Uniqlo still faces major challenges as it aims to achieve its 2020 goal. The companys success depends on its performance in the North America market, and especially in the US market. And it is particularly this market that accentuates the most significant challenges Uniqlo has to deal with. Number of Uniqlo stores: FY 2014 2013 Unit stores End August Open Close Eng August UNIQLO JAPAN: 852 54 55 853 Directly Operated 831 51 54 834 Large-scale 199 26 4 177 Standard 632 25 50 657 Franchise 21 3 1 19 UNIQLO International: 633 193 6 446 China 306 83 2 225 Hong Kong 22 5 1 18 Taiwan 46 9 0 37 South Korea 133 31 3 105 Singapore 18 6 0 12 Malaysia 21 11 0 10 Thailand 20 10 0 10 The Philippines 16 10 0 6 Indonesia 4 3 0 1 Australia 1 1 0 0 U.S. 25 18 0 7 U.K. 10 0 0 10 France 6 3 0 3 Russia 4 2 0 2 Germany 1 1 0 0 Global Brands: 1268 152 34 1150 Miscellaneous 1485 247 61 1299 Total 2753 399 95 2449 Terminologies: FY Financial year CEO Chief Executive Officer: it is the highest grade executive in a company, their main activities includes making important corporate decisions, managing overall working of the company and acting as an intermediate between the board of directors and corporate operations. Multi Brand Shop It refers to a company which operates the store shops of multiple brands belongs to various manufacturers. Recession A period of economic decline, it is temporary in nature. Outsourcing It is a business practice in which tasks are performed by another company or an individual hired by the company. Gross profit Profit of the company which is computed by taking direct income and expenses of the company Parent Company The company that controls management and operation and that owns enough voting rights to influence board of directors. References Liu, S. C., Choi, T. M. (2009). Consumer attitudes towards brand extensions of designer-labels and mass-market labels in Hong Kong. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal. Burt, S., Dawson, J., Sparks, L. (2003). Failure in international retailing: research propositions. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. de Kervenoael, R., Canning, C., Palmer, M., Hallsworth, A. (2011). Challenging market conventions: Supermarket diversification and consumer resistance in children's apparel purchases. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal.